The autopsy in sudden unexpected adult death: Epilepsy

SummaryThere are up to 500 epilepsy-related deaths annually in the UK, many of which are unwitnessed. Likely mechanisms for sudden and unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) are cerebrogenic cardiac arrhythmias, or central respiratory depression occurring during the peri-ictal period. Pathologists should be informed of the circumstances of the death, severity of seizures, seizure control and the certainty of the clinical diagnosis of epilepsy; this allows accurate clinicopathological correlation. SUDEP autopsies include neuropathological assessment, histological examination of other organs and toxicology, and require the elimination of other causes of sudden death. Macroscopic (non-fatal) abnormalities described in SUDEP include evidence of previous cerebral injury, hippocampal sclerosis and cerebellar atrophy. Histological examination may reveal neuronal loss and gliosis consistent with seizure-related brain injury. Hippocampal sclerosis shows subfield-specific patterns of neuronal loss, granule cell dispersion and mossy fibre sprouting. Rarely, acute neuronal injury is seen as evidence of a more recent cerebral event. This article discusses the pathological findings and possible mechanisms in SUDEP, and future directions for pathology-based research.