Investigation of the behavior and metabolism of pharmaceutical residues during purification of contaminated ground water used for drinking water supply

Residues of phenazone-type pharmaceuticals originating from spills of a former pharmaceutical production plant have recently been detected in ground water in Berlin, Germany. The degradation pathways of phenazone, propyphenazone, and dimethylaminophenazone (DMAA) during water purification were enlightened in batch experiments with groundwater and filter material obtained from operating waterworks. For phenazone and propyphenazone a complete biological transformation into their respective metabolites 1,5-dimethyl-1,2-dehydro-3-pyrazolone (DP) and 4-(2-methylethyl)-1,5-dimethyl-1,2-dehydro-3-pyrazolone (PDP) was observed. Generally, removal of phenazone-type pharmaceutical residues during rapid sand filtration was almost exclusively caused by microorganisms only present in polluted raw water. DMAA applied to fresh filter materials was rapidly degraded into its metabolites 1-acetyl-1-methyl-2-phenylhydrazide (AMPH), acetoaminoantipyrine (AAA), formylaminoantipyrine (FAA), and 1-acetyl-1-methyl-2-dimethyloxamoyl-2-phenylhydrazide (AMDOPH). DMAA, AAA, and FAA were, however, only detected at low levels in a few samples of purified water from an operating water works. Whereas, the metabolites AMDOPH and DP were detected up to 1 μg l−1. Propyphenazone was rapidly removed and AMPH, phenazone, and PDP were only measured with concentrations in the low ng l−1 range. The concentrations of the metabolites DP and PDP are even higher in the purified water than in the raw water caused by their formation during degradation of phenazone and propyphenazone. Reduction of filtration velocity on an experimental filter from 5 m h−1 down to 2 m h−1 resulted in improved removal of phenazone, propyphenazone and their metabolites DP and PDP, respectively. AMDOPH, however, was highly persistent in all experiments independent from filtration velocities and contact times.