Green production of zero-valent iron nanoparticles using tree leaf extracts

The interest in zero-valent iron nanoparticles has been increasing significantly since the development of a green production method in which extracts from natural products or wastes are used. However, this field of application is yet poorly studied and lacks knowledge that allows the full understanding of the production and application processes.The aim of the present work was to evaluate the viability of the utilization of several tree leaves to produce extracts which are capable of reducing iron(III) in aqueous solution to form nZVIs. The quality of the extracts was evaluated concerning their antioxidant capacity. The results show that: i) dried leaves produce extracts with higher antioxidant capacities than non-dried leaves, ii) the most favorable extraction conditions (temperature, contact time, and volume:mass ratio) were identified for each leaf, iii) with the aim of developing a green, but also low-cost, method water was chosen as solvent, iv) the extracts can be classified in three categories according to their antioxidant capacity (expressed as Fe(II) concentration): > 40 mmol L− 1; 20–40 mmol L− 1; and 2–10 mmol L− 1; with oak, pomegranate and green tea leaves producing the richest extracts, and v) TEM analysis proves that nZVIs (d = 10–20 nm) can be produced using the tree leaf extracts.

Figure optionsDownload as PowerPoint slideHighlights
► A green zero-valent iron nanoparticles production method was developed.
► Tree leaf (26) extracts were used as reducing agents to produce nZVIs.
► The extraction process for each type of leaf was optimized.
► Oak, pomegranate, and green tea leaves originated the richest extracts.
► TEM analysis indicates that 10–20 nm zero-valent iron nanoparticles were obtained.