Fungi and bacteria in mould-damaged and non-damaged office environments in a subarctic climate

The fungi and bacterial levels of the indoor air environments of 77 office buildings were measured in winter and a comparison was made between the buildings with microbe sources in their structures and those without such sources. Penicillium, yeasts, Cladosporium and non-sporing isolates were the commonest fungi detected in the indoor air and in settled dust, in both the mould-damaged and control buildings. Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus glaucus and Stachybotrys chartarium were found only in environmental samples from the mould-damaged buildings. Some other fungi, with growth requiring of water activity, aw, above 0.85, occurred in both the reference and mould-damaged buildings, but such fungi were commoner in the latter type of buildings. The airborne concentrations of Penicillium, Aspergillus versicolor and yeasts were the best indicators of mould damage in the buildings studied. Penicillium species and A. versicolor were also the most abundant fungi in the material samples. This study showed that the fungi concentrations were very low (2–45 cfu m−3 90% of the concentrations being <15 cfu m−3) in the indoor air of the normal office buildings. Although the concentration range of airborne fungi was wider for the mould-damaged buildings (2–2470 cfu m−3), only about 20% of the samples exceeded 100 cfu m−3. The concentrations of airborne bacteria ranged from 12 to 540 cfu m−3 in the control buildings and from 14 to 1550 cfu m−3 in the mould-damaged buildings. A statistical analysis of the results indicated that bacteria levels are generally <600 cfu m−3 in office buildings in winter and fungi levels are <50 cfu m−3. These normal levels are applicable to subarctic climates for urban, modern office buildings when measurements are made using a six-stage impactor. These levels should not be used in evaluations of health risks, but elevated levels may indicate the presence of abnormal microbe sources in indoor air and a need for additional environmental investigations.