Aspects of control of the cardiovascular-respiratory system during orthostatic stress induced by lower body negative pressure

This paper considers a model developed to study the cardiovascular control system response to orthostatic stress as induced by two variations of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) experiments. This modeling approach has been previously applied to study control responses to transition from rest to aerobic exercise, to transition to non-REM sleep and to orthostatic stress as produced by the head up tilt (HUT) experiment.LBNP induces a blood volume shift because negative pressure changes the volume loading characteristics of the compartment which is subject to the negative pressure. This volume shift induces a fall in blood pressure which must be counteracted by a complicated control response involving a variety of mechanisms of the cardiovascular control system. There are a number of medical issues connected to these questions such as orthostatic intolerance in the elderly resulting in dizziness or fainting during the transition from sitting to standing. The model presented here is used to study the interaction of changes in systemic resistance, unstressed venous volume, venous compliance, heart rate, and contractility in the control of orthostatic stress. The overall short term response depends on a combination of these physiological reactions which may vary from individual to individual. There remain open questions about which factors have greater importance. The model simulations are compared to experimental data collected for LBNP exerted from the hips to feet and from ribs to feet.