Massive generation of atypical ferrosilicic magmas along the Gondwana active margin: Implications for cold plumes and back-arc magma generation

One of the most intriguing characteristics of the northern (Iberia) and southern (Puna) Gondwana margins is the presence of large volumes of Late Cambrian–Early Ordovician magmatic rocks with ferrosilicic composition, i.e., rocks with high iron and silica contents (FeO > 4.0 wt.%, SiO > 63 wt.%) for very low contents in calcium (CaO < 1.5 wt.%). Geological and geochemical features, as well as experimental results, show that ferrosilicic magmas resulted from near-total melting (80–90%) of crustal sources of metagreywacke and charnockite affinities, possibly derived from Neoproterozoic volcanoclastic sediments and/or their granulite facies equivalents, under very high temperatures (1000 °C–1200 °C) and at pressures of 1.0 to 2.0 GPa. A plausible tectonic setting for this peculiar magmatism is a back-arc region subjected to extension, with the ferrosilicic magmas ascending from a deep cold diapir or mantle wedge plume. Rifting in the back-arc progressed until the aperture of an ocean basin (the Rheic ocean) in the northern margin of Gondwana, but became aborted in Argentina.