A new pipid frog from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia and early evolution of crown-group Pipidae

• A new pipid frog is described from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia.
• Phylogenetic analyses place the new taxon within crown-group Pipidae.
• Cranial and postcranial traits support the new taxon as a member of Xenopodinomorpha.
• A time-tree shows that main lineages of pipids have already diverged around 100 Ma.
• Western Gondwana breakup might have triggered diversification of crown-group pipids.

Pipid frogs are fully aquatic frogs that today inhabit freshwater environments of southern continents on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, with a fairly good fossil record dating back to the Cretaceous. Here I report on fossils from the Allen Formation (upper Campanian–lower Maastrichtian), Río Negro Province, Argentina, that are ascribed to a new genus and species of pipid. In order to assess the evolutionary relationships of the new taxon, which is represented by sphenethmoids, otic capsules, ilia, humeri, and vertebrae, cladistic analyses of a data matrix of 165 osteological characters scored for 36 taxa were performed. The results are congruent with previous hypotheses of pipoid interrelationships and consistently place the new taxon as part of the lineage today represented by the African xenopodines. Temporal calibration of the phylogenetic tree based on the fossil record imply that the origin and early diversification of crown-group Pipidae might have occurred during the Early Cretaceous, prior to the final breakup of western Gondwana. This study highlights the importance of including fossils, even fragmentary ones, directly in phylogenetic analyses in order to disentangling how, when, and where pipid frogs diversified.

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