Production of toxic pavettamine and pavettamine conjugates in the gousiekte-causing Fadogia homblei plant and its relation to the bacterial endosymbiont

► Fadogia homblei, a plant known to cause gousiekte in ruminants contains pavettamine in their leaves. ► Most pavettamine was found to be conjugated in Fadogia homblei. ► The endosymbiont of Fadogia homblei revealed no in vitro production of pavettamine. ► We report a mass spectrometry method to determine and quantify pavettamine.