Arbuscular mycorrhiza and heavy metal tolerance

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have repeatedly been demonstrated to alleviate heavy metal stress of plants. This review summarizes results obtained so far on the colonization of plants by AMF in heavy metal soils, deposition of heavy metals in plant and fungal structures, differential gene expressions and the potential to use AMF-plant combinations, with emphasis on pennycresses (Thlaspi ssp.) in phytoremediation.