XPS and ToF-SIMS analysis of natural rubies and sapphires heated in an inert (N2) atmosphere

Advanced surface analysis techniques: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, have been employed in the study of heat treatment of natural corundum as ruby and sapphire. The stones were heat treated in an inert (N2) atmosphere. The setting temperatures were: 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500 and 1600 °C. The XPS studies and the parallel ToF-SIMS experiments revealed diffusion behavior of Fe and Ti in the as-mined stones as evidenced by surface observations. Both metals exhibited broad maxima in surface concentration near 1300 °C. Owing to its superlative detection limit, ToF-SIMS spectra are able to provide the temperature-dependent concentration profiles of trace transition metals such as Cr, Cu and V at a level not detectable by XPS. Visible appearance of the stones is clearly affected by heat treatment. Interestingly, the ruby stones did not exhibit cloudy inclusion (“silk”) on heating, contrary to previous experiments under atmospheric conditions.