Some future perspectives in soft- and hard- X-ray photoemission

We discuss several recent developments in photoemission, with comments on their perspectives for the future. These include an adequate allowance for differential cross section effects in core- and valence-angular distributions, as well as more accurate one-step modeling of angle-resolved photoemission (ARPES); the use of higher photon energies from the soft- to hard- X-ray regime to permit probing bulk electronic structure and buried layers and interfaces; extending ARPES into the soft- and hard- X-ray regimes; tailoring the X-ray wave field through X-ray optical effects including standing waves, total reflection, and tuning through resonances; using standing-wave excitation to provide much enhanced depth sensitivity in studying solid/gas and solid/liquid interfaces; and applying photoelectron holography to time-resolved studies of molecular reactions and dissociation. Specific application examples include a magnetic semiconductor, multilayer structures of complex metal oxides, a thin water solution on a metal oxide surface, and a halo-substituted benzene molecule.