Critical role of HLA-DRβ* binding peptides' peripheral flanking residues in fully-protective malaria vaccine development

Antigen's peripheral flanking residues (PFR, positions (p) -p2 and p10) must thus establish strong interactions with the HLA-DRβ* - TCR complex. These amino acids (aa) have specific physico-chemical characteristics enabling differentiation between non-protective but antibody-inducer (NPAI), short-lived protection inducer (SLPI) and long-lasting protection inducer (LLPI) peptides when used as an antimalarial vaccine component. Their identification (through 1H-NMR and Aotus monkey immunization) and proper modification contributes to a logical and rational methodology for long-lasting and protective immunological memory.