Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and tumor microenvironment: Implications for patients with oral precancerous lesions

Our results indicate that PD-L1-expressing dysplastic epithelial and recruited subepithelial cells in oral precancerous legions may evade the host immune system, and that the inhibition of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway may potentially prevent malignant transformation of oral precancerous legions as well as can treat advanced cancers.