Lipidation increases antiviral activities of coronavirus fusion-inhibiting peptides

- Lipidation increases antiviral activities of CoV fusion-inhibiting peptides.
- Fusion-inhibiting peptides target proteolytically-triggered CoV spike proteins.
- Lipidated peptides suppress CoVs that are occluded within endosomes before cytosolic entry.

Coronaviruses (CoVs) can cause life-threatening respiratory diseases. Their infectious entry requires viral spike (S) proteins, which attach to cell receptors, undergo proteolytic cleavage, and then refold in a process that catalyzes virus-cell membrane fusion. Fusion-inhibiting peptides bind to S proteins, interfere with refolding, and prevent infection. Here we conjugated fusion-inhibiting peptides to various lipids, expecting this to secure peptides onto cell membranes and thereby increase antiviral potencies. Cholesterol or palmitate adducts increased antiviral potencies up to 1000-fold. Antiviral effects were evident after S proteolytic cleavage, implying that lipid conjugates affixed the peptides at sites of protease-triggered fusion activation. Unlike lipid-free peptides, the lipopeptides suppressed CoV S protein-directed virus entry taking place within endosomes. Cell imaging revealed intracellular peptide aggregates, consistent with their endocytosis into compartments where CoV entry takes place. These findings suggest that lipidations localize antiviral peptides to protease-rich sites of CoV fusion, thereby protecting cells from diverse CoVs.

Early and late CoV entry is depicted as virus-cell fusion at cell surfaces and endosomes, respectively. Scissors represent virus-activating proteases. The HR2 peptides are in green, with lipid-free peptides as monomers (middle panel) and lipopeptides as micellar aggregates (right panel).163