A prospective, multicenter analysis of pseudocapsule characteristics: Do all stages of renal cell carcinoma have complete pseudocapsules?

Rate of complete PC in RCC is relatively low in this study. The risk factors for pseudocapsular invasion were a histologic diameter greater than 4 cm, non-clear cell histology, and an incomplete PC. Surgeons must prepare for the possibility of a positive surgical margin if a tumor has at least one of these risk factors.