Enrichment, contamination and geo-accumulation factors for assessing arsenic contamination in sediment of a Tropical Open Lagoon, Southwest Nigeria

The presence of toxic heavy metals and metalloids in aquatic environments constitutes a major risk and there is an urgent need for continuous monitoring of such pollutants. This study assesses the concentrations of arsenic (As) in surface sediments from 15 locations on the Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria during the wet and dry seasons to determine the degree of contamination. The results showed that the mean total As concentration in sediment (2.44 mg kg−1 dry weight) did not exceed the Canadian Interim Sediment Quality Guideline (CISQG) value of 7.24 mg kg−1 dry weight during the wet and dry seasons. Based on the Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and ecological risk assessment using the enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo), the study's results indicate two things: firstly, low to moderate and significant levels of enrichment from As; and secondly, low to moderate degree of contamination in Lagos Lagoon during the study period.