The Cenomanian-Turonian boundary in Jordan: Ammonite biostratigraphy and faunal turnover

Well-exposed fossiliferous Upper Cenomanian-Lower Turonian marine sedimentary rocks are present in west-central Jordan. Ammonites serve as an important faunal marker for this interval and can be used to subdivide the Cenomanian-Turonian transition into two upper Cenomanian biozones (Neolobites vibrayeanus and Vascoceras cauvini) and two lower Turonian biozones (Vascoceras proprium and Choffaticeras segne). A revised stratigraphic range of the Vascoceras cauvini Zone in the study area is proposed, consisting of the Metoicoceras geslinianum and Neocardioceras juddii zones of the standard zonation. Based on intercontinental biostratigraphic correlation, a minor unconformity appears to be present around the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary, and a part of the lower Turonian is probably missing. In addition, a faunal turnover is recorded in the uppermost Cenomanian, marked by the disappearance of most of the Cenomanian taxa, including Costagyra olisiponensis (Sharpe), Ceratostreon flabellatum (Goldfuss), Ilymatogyra africana (Lamarck), Rhynchostreon suborbiculatum (Lamarck), Harpagodes nodosus (Sowerby), and Heterodiadema libycum (Desor). This bioevent is thought to be an effect of the Oceanic Anoxic Event OAE 2; the dramatic shifts in species richness and diversity spanning the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary in the study area occurred in response to the major paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental perturbations prevailing at that time. The stratigraphic and paleontological patterns studied in Jordan are very similar to those recorded in Egypt in terms of litho- and biostratigraphy, event stratigraphy, and macroinvertebrate content, suggesting the presence of uniform triggering mechanisms and bio-sedimentary responses in the Upper Cretaceous basins of the Middle East and providing clues for a high-resolution correlation between the two areas.