Combined active and passive immunization against nicotine: Minimizing monoclonal antibody requirements using a target antibody concentration strategy

► Combination immunotherapy was studied to enhance nicotine vaccine efficacy. ► Vaccination was supplemented with a nicotine-specific monoclonal antibody. ► A target concentration strategy was used to minimize the required antibody dose. ► The combination of treatments attenuated locomotor sensitization to nicotine in rats. ► Combination immunotherapy was more effective than either therapy alone.