The active contribution of Toll-like receptors to allergic airway inflammation

► In the airway, TLRs are expressed by a variety of cells. ► The cells expressing TLRs detect invading pathogens. ► TLRs play important roles in the development of allergic diseases in human. ► However, TLR9 may inhibit allergic airway inflammation. ► TLRs are molecular targets for airway diseases.