Oral Reference Dose for ethylene glycol based on oxalate crystal-induced renal tubule degeneration as the critical effect

► EG metabolite, calcium oxalate, and role in crystal-induced nephropathy summarized. ► Weight of evidence to establish the mode of action for renal toxicity is reviewed. ► Toxicokinetic/toxicodynamic data with Benchmark Dose approach used to calculate HED. ► The RfD for long-term repeat oral exposure to EG was determined to be 15 mg/kg bw/d.