Vanadium pentoxide: Use of relevant historical control data shows no evidence for a carcinogenic response in F344/N rats

► We supplemented early historical control (HC) lung tumor data with more recent data. ► This weakened evidence for V2O5 carcinogenicity in male and female rats. ► Male control rats are near-“outliers” relative to HCs, casting doubt on comparisons with HCs. ► We conclude that there is “no” evidence of V2O5 carcinogenicity in male or female rats. ► “Suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential” is an appropriate classification for V2O5.