Molecular mechanism for the effects of E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin on mouse embryo survival

- LT interferes with mouse embryo survival 1 in vitro and in vivo.
- LT induces Th1 cytokine production having Th1/Th2 cytokines imbalanced.
- LT activates NLRP3 inflammasome of mouse macrophages to promote IL-1β release.
- LT subunit A, not subunit B, activates NLRP3 inflammasome.
- IL-1β-induced inflammation was considered a factor interfering embryo survival.

Heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) can cause animal enteritis and diarrhea. However, the possible association of LT with embryo survival in pregnant animals and the mechanisms involved remain unknown. To investigate the effects of LT on embryo survival, we treated mouse early embryos in vitro and pregnant mice in vivo with recombinant LT. LT significantly decreased mouse embryo survival, and induced IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-1β production in the serum and placental tissue. LT also triggered IL-1β release from LPS-primed microphages, suggesting LT can activate inflammasomes. To determine the pathway involved in LT-induced inflammasome activation, small interfering RNAs were used to knockdown NLRP3 and ASC, the key components of NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Ablation of NLRP3 and ASC abolished LT-induced IL-1β release, confirming the involvement of NLRP3 inflammasome. By comparing two subunits of LT, only LTA but not LTB subunit was identified to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome.