The molecular mechanisms underlying the pharmacological actions of estrogens, SERMs and oxysterols: Implications for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis

► Estrogen Therapy and Hormone Therapy effectively prevent and treat osteoporosis but have significant side effect profiles. ► SERMs (Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators) exhibit a more favorable side effect profile ► However currently available SERMs are substantially less effective in bone than classical estrogens ► Discussion of ER pharmacology and ligands including endogenous SERMs ► Translation of ER pharmacology into new medicines (such as TSECs) for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis.