Surface complexation of fluoride at the activated nano-gibbsite water interface

- Heat activation converted crystalline nano-gibbsite to a poorly crystalline solid.
- Surface area increased enormously by heat activation from 50 to 399 m2/g.
- F̄ formed a monodentate mononuclear complex at activated GNP in low concentrations.
- Multilayer complex formation was confirmed by the isotherm modeling.