Relative importance of hydrolyzed Al species (Ala, Alb, Alc) on residual Al and effects of nano-particles (Fe-surface modified TiO2 and Al2O3) on coagulation process

- pH and coagulant dosage have significant effects.
- Ala has the largest effects on the residual Al.
- Nanoparticles reduce the residual Al in some conditions.
- Nanoparticles increase the floc size in some conditions.