Expression of P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein on human brain-microvascular endothelial cells with electromagnetic stimulation

► An increase in the frequency of an electromagnetic field enhances the uptake of calcein-AM. ► Probenecid shows a stronger efflux inhibition than verapamil under an electromagnetic field. ► Saquinavir induced a stronger drug resistance than azidothymidine. ► An electromagnetic field with 750 Hz could effectively inhibit the expression of P-gp and MRP1.