Cancer stem cell traits in squamospheres derived from primary head and neck squamous cell carcinomas

A subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), but not the majority of non-tumorigenic cancer cells, in a variety of human malignancies plays a critical role in cancer cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and tumor recurrence post-therapies. We report the isolation of sphere-forming cells (squamospheres) from primary head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), and characterization of their CSC properties. Squamospheres appeared within 2 weeks after seeding as single-dissociated cells obtained from primary HNSCC specimens in serum-free culture conditions. Real-time RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry assays revealed that a number of stem cell markers, including CK5, OCT4, SOX2, and nestin, were up-regulated in HNSCC-driven squamospheres. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis showed that squamospheres contain enriched side population cells compared to serum-induced differentiated squamosphere cells. Furthermore, HNSCC-driven squamospheres appeared to be chemoresistant to cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil (FU), paclitaxel and doxetaxel, and showed increased levels of ABCG2, one of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. Of particular interest, in sharp contrast to subcutaneous injection of 1 × 106 differentiated squamosphere cells, as few as 100 squamosphere cells were able to give rise to tumors in nude mice. Altogether, we assert that primary HNSCC-driven squamospheres possess CSC properties, and its functional analysis may provide a novel tool for investigating the tumorigenic process of HNSCC.