Mechanisms of 1-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethylanthraquinone from Coptosapelta flavescens as an anti-giardial activity

- Anthraquinone from C. flavescens (CFQ) process highly anti-giadial activity.
- CFQ at 0.42 μg/ml induced late apoptosis as early as 6 h exposure.
- Late apoptosis caused by CFQ was proved by several ultrastructural alterations.