Progress towards understanding the ecology and epidemiology of malaria in the western Kenya highlands: Opportunities and challenges for control under climate change risk

► Topography and hydrology explains malaria spatial variability and immune response. ► Transmission is focal thus providing opportunities for targeted interventions. ► Climate based early epidemic prediction models facilitate epidemic prevention. ► Monitoring entomological parameters inform integrated vector management. ► Interventions should be based on ecosystem-specific transmission parameters.