Integrated membrane distillation-crystallization: Process design and cost estimations for seawater treatment and fluxes of single salt solutions

► An integrated membrane distillation-crystallization (MDC) process has been developed for seawater desalination. ► Membrane and osmotic distillation steps are used for internal crystallization. ► Total treatment costs for complete separation of water and salts with the integrated MDC are estimated on € 1.09/m3. ► Addition of homogeneous seeds to the MD system stimulates crystallization of CaCO3 in the bulk liquid.