Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of four-, five- and six-carbon lactams

- Lactams are important chemicals having a wide range of industrial applications.
- Novel metabolic pathways for four-, five- and six-carbon lactams are constructed.
- β-Alanine CoA transferase is a key enzyme for the novel pathway.
- Production of C4, C5 and C6 lactams from renewable carbon sources are demonstrated.
- Fed-batch fermentation allowed production of 54 g/L butyrolactam.

Microbial production of chemicals and materials from renewable sources is becoming increasingly important for sustainable chemical industry. Here, we report construction of a new and efficient platform metabolic pathway for the production of four-carbon (butyrolactam), five-carbon (valerolactam) and six-carbon (caprolactam) lactams. This pathway uses ω-amino acids as precursors and comprises two steps. Activation of ω-amino acids catalyzed by the Clostridium propionicum β-alanine CoA transferase (Act) followed by spontaneous cyclization. The pathway operation was validated both in vitro and in vivo. Three metabolically engineered Escherichia coli strains were developed by introducing the newly constructed metabolic pathway followed by systems-level optimization, which resulted in the production of butyrolactam, valerolactam and caprolactam from renewable carbon source. In particular, fed-batch fermentation of the final engineered E. coli strain produced 54.14 g/L of butyrolactam in a glucose minimal medium. These results demonstrate the high efficiency of the novel lactam pathway developed in this study.

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