Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous physiological stages determination using combined measurements from dielectric and Raman spectroscopies, a cell counter system and fluorescence flow cytometry

Dielectric spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, a cell counter system and fluorescence flow cytometry were used to monitor the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous in bioreactor batch cultures. From the dielectric spectroscopy signal, it was possible to determine the maximum biomass growth, the viability of the cell and the time when the substrate was consumed. Raman spectroscopy allowed to measure intracellular carotenoids production. Cell vacuole metabolic activity was monitored from fluorescence flow cytometry and the cell counter allowed detect cell volume variability along the fermentation. The information obtained from the sensors measurements allowed us to suggest and characterize different physiological states of the yeast X. dendrorhous.