Low-temperature synthesis and characterization of rutile nanoparticles with amorphous surface layer for photocatalytic degradation of caffeine

- Rutile nanoparticles were synthesized with low-temperature hydrothermal process.
- 1-nm thick amorphous layer was observed on the surface of the particles.
- The photocatalytic activity was evaluated with the degradation of caffeine.
- Synthesized rutile particles showed superior activity than commercial rutile particles.