Growth of vertically aligned ZnO nanowalls for inverted polymer solar cells

Vertically aligned ZnO nanowalls are fabricated on ITO substrates by using an aqueous solution growth method at low-temperature. Inverted polymer solar cells with ZnO nanowalls show average power conversion efficiency of 2.14%. The results indicate that the aqueous growth of ZnO nanowalls can serve as an electrode for inverted polymer solar cells.