A mixed severity disturbance regime in the primary Picea abies (L.) Karst. forests of the Ukrainian Carpathians

This reconstructed disturbance regime may challenge existing silvicultural systems in the Carpathians, calling for a more complex spatiotemporal forest management approach. However, mimicking a mixed severity disturbance regime can be done at the forest management level by applying a range of disturbance severities at the stand level.