Theoretical and experimental studies of benzoic acid batch adsorption dynamics using vermiculite-based adsorbent

- Modification of raw vermiculite both mechanically and organically.
- An improved performance of the modified vermiculite for benzoic acid adsorption.
- Excellent fitting of the experimental data with the Freundlich and the Toth models.
- Development of a pore diffusion-based model to study the adsorption dynamics.
- Estimation of the effective diffusivity of benzoic acid as 0.33 × 10−9 m2 s−1.