Assemblies of heat pumps served by a single underground heat exchanger

In this paper we document the relationship between complex flow architecture and global performance for assemblies of heat pumps coupled thermally with the ground through a single U-shaped loop with circulating fluid. The assemblies vary according to heat pump numbers, sizes and locations along the loop. They are classified in a systematic way, and their performance is documented in three classes of designs: assemblies of heat pumps of the same size, heat pumps distributed equidistantly, and large numbers of heat pumps distributed almost continuously on a long loop. The work is based on numerical simulations, and on an analysis that holds in the limit of heat pumps distributed continuously. The relationship between flow architecture and global performance (heat transfer density) serves as guide for the energy design of high-density urban settlements in the future.