Microbial synthesis of n-butanol, isobutanol, and other higher alcohols from diverse resources

► Development of 2-keto acid pathways for synthesis of isobutanol and higher alcohol. ► CoA dependent pathway and reversed β-oxidation for synthesis of higher alcohol. ► Strain development for the conversion of diverse resources into higher alcohols. ► Conversion of CO2, syngas, waste protein, and lignocellulose, into butanols.