Modelling the social determinants of health and simulating short-term and long-term intervention impacts for the city of Toronto, Canada

► Illustrates the complex causal relationships between social determinants of health and health outcomes in Toronto, Canada. ► Offers practical approach to examine diverse consequences of system-wide population health interventions. ► Emphasizes the need for a systems thinking approach to policy design and health interventions. ► Demonstrates the importance of considering the long-term feedback effects of policy change. ► Allows stakeholders to leverage promising policy interventions and communities to mobilize around health futures.