Charging versus rewarding: A comparison of road-pricing and rewarding peak avoidance in the Netherlands

► We compare road pricing and peak avoidance rewarding and their impact on commuting. ► Rewarding is more effective in diverting commuters from peak periods. ► The most popular alternative to peak-driving is off-peak driving. ► Most of the change in behaviour is attributed to introducing the new measure. ► The impact of the price level is marginally decreasing in effectiveness.