Copper or/and arsenic induces autophagy by oxidative stress-related PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways and cascaded mitochondrial fission in chicken skeletal muscle

H3AsO3 or/and Cu2+-induced oxidative stress elicits the positive feedback between autophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction through phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase b/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) inactivation in skeletal muscle of chicken. Time-dependently elevated heat shock proteins indicate the physiological acclimation of organisms to this stress response.333