Hierarchical Na-doped cubic ZrO2 synthesis by a simple hydrothermal route and its application in biodiesel production

Hierarchical growth of cubic Na-ZrO2 phase was synthesized by hydrothermal processes in the presence of surfactants and sodium. Sodium addition stabilized the cubic phase by a Na-doping process, while the microstructural characteristics varied with surfactants. Finally, this surface reactivity was evaluated on the biodiesel transesterification reaction.