Sand nourishment strategies to mitigate coastal erosion and sea level rise at the coasts of Holland (The Netherlands) and Aveiro (Portugal) in the 21st century

Results show that sand nourishments remain a cost-effective method of flood protection for the Dutch coast and are feasible for the centuries to come, even under the high-end SLR scenario, because large sand resources are available in the North Sea. For the Aveiro coast, large-scale sand nourishments might be feasible in combination with a policy of managed retreat for low-value areas to avoid expensive locked-in situations. The sand balance strategy is considered the most practical and has the advantage of economy of scale.