Tradeoffs between revenue and emissions in energy storage operation

Grid-level energy storage is an emerging technology that provides operational flexibility for managing electricity demand, integrating renewable energy, and improving system reliability. However, it has been established that revenue-maximizing grid-level energy storage tends to increase system emissions in current US electricity grids. In this work, we consider storage operational strategies that value both revenue and CO2 emissions to understand the tradeoffs between these two criteria. We use actual electricity prices and marginal emissions factors in a linear programming model that optimizes operation between annual revenue and CO2 emissions to find the Pareto Frontier for 22 eGRID sub-regions. We find that, in many US regions, marginal storage-induced CO2 emissions can be decreased significantly (25-50%) with little effect on revenue (1-5%). Electricity grids with larger flexibility in daily electricity prices and in marginal emissions factors have more potential to reduce annual storage CO2 emissions at low cost to storage operators. These results show that negative environmental effects of storage operation can be reduced or eliminated at low cost through voluntary or regulatory shifts in operational patterns.