Electron energy diffusion and advection due to non-linear electron-chorus wave interactions

► Non-linear wave-electron interactions are common with the presence of chorus waves. ► Non-linear wave effect is negligible when electron equatorial pitch angles are less than 45°. ► Non-linear wave effects energize an electron much faster than quasi-linear diffusion. ► Electron acceleration due to nonlinear energy advection can be slowed down by pitch angle advection.