Proteostasis and SUMO in the heart

Heart proteostasis relies on a complex and integrated network of molecular processes surveilling organ performance under physiological and pathological conditions. For this purpose, cardiac cells depend on the correct function of their proteolytic systems, such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), autophagy and the calpain system. Recently, the role of protein SUMOylation (an ubiquitin-like modification), has emerged as important modulator of cardiac proteostasis, which will be the focus of this review.