Quantifying the ecosystem service of non-native weed seed predation provided by invertebrates and vertebrates in upland wheat fields converted from paddy fields

▶ The extent of seed predation of Italian ryegrass in converted paddy fields was quantified. ▶ The total seed loss due to predation in the interior areas of fields was 35-43%. ▶ The total seed loss due to predation in the boundary strips was 42%. ▶ The seed predation is an important depletion factor of post-dispersal seeds of Italian ryegrass.