Lithographically defined 3D nanoporous nonenzymatic glucose sensors

Nonenzymatic glucose oxidation is demonstrated on highly faceted palladium nanowflower-modified porous carbon electrodes fabricated by interference lithography. Varying electrodeposition parameters were used to control the final shape and morphology of the deposited nanoparticles on the 3D porous carbon which showed a 12 times increase in the electrochemically active surface area over analogous planar electrodes. Extremely fast amperometric glucose responses (achieving 95% of the steady state limiting current in less than 5 s) with a linear range from 1 to 10 mM and a detection limit of 10 μM were demonstrated. The unusual surface properties of the pyrolyzed photoresist films produced strongly adhered palladium crystal structures that were stable for hundreds of cycles towards glucose oxidation without noticeable current decay.