Pathogenesis of proliferative lupus nephritis from a historical and personal perspective

- Multiple immune complexes (IC) are involved in lupus nephritis.
- Anti-dsDNA and anti-nucleosome IC are neither the only nor the most important in lupus nephritis.
- Lupus nephritis may be initiated by autoantibodies of several or multiple specificities.
- IC deposits and complement activation may not be sufficient to induce progression from acute to chronic glomerulonephritis.
- Local factors may determine the outcomes of immune-complex mediated lupus proliferative glomerulonephritis.