Chronic exposure to low environmental concentrations and legal aquaculture doses of antibiotics cause systemic adverse effects in Nile tilapia and provoke differential human health risk

Overall, both LECAs and LADAs impair general physiological functions, nutritional metabolism, and compromise fish immune system. Consumption of fish fed with legal OTC provokes health risk in children. Global stringent prohibition policy for use of antibiotics in aquaculture production and strategies to limit their release into the environment are urgently required to protect human health.